The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. . A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. And so the war was waged. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. . In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. Omissions? #ga-ad {display: none;}
." List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. id While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Kublai Khan [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. ." Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "White Lotus Rebellion Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Nothing is known of his end. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. At the . Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. [CDATA[ Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Encyclopedia.com. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Updates? Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Update now. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. . Updates? (present perfect, tell). Inventions ThoughtCo. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. . When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. 22 Feb. 2023
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